Civil Rights & Civil Liberties

Flashcard deck · A.P. U.S. Government · Civil Rights & Civil Liberties · History

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A.P. Gov flashcards covering the Bill of Rights, incorporation doctrine, landmark cases like Brown v. Board and Gideon v. Wainwright, and civil rights amendments.

Terms in this deck

13th Amendment: Abolished slavery in the United States.
14th Amendment: Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws, among other things.
15th Amendment: Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
19th Amendment: Gave women the right to vote.
24th Amendment: Abolished poll taxes in federal elections, removing a key barrier to voting.
Affirmative Action: A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities.
Bail: A sum of money used as a security deposit to ensure that an accused person returns for his or her trial.
Bill of Attainder: A law that punishes a person accused of a crime without a trial or a fair hearing in court.
Bill of Rights: The first ten amendments to the Constitution; lists our most fundamental rights.
Brown v. Board of Education: 1954 Supreme Court case declaring racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, overturning Plessy v. Ferguson.
Citizens United v. FEC: 2010 Supreme Court case ruling political spending by corporations is protected free speech under the First Amendment.
Civil Disobedience: A nonviolent, public refusal to obey allegedly unjust laws.
Civil Liberties: Constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens.
Civil Rights: Policies designed to protect people against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by government officials or individuals.
Civil Rights Act of 1964: This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.
Clear and Present Danger Test: Law should not punish speech unless there was a clear and present danger of producing harmful actions.
De Facto Segregation: Segregation resulting from economic or social conditions or personal choice.
De Jure Segregation: Segregation by law.
Double Jeopardy: Trial or punishment for the same crime by the same government; forbidden by the Constitution.
Due Process Clause: 14th Amendment clause stating that no state may deprive a person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.
Engel v. Vitale: 1962 Supreme Court case ruling school-sponsored prayer unconstitutional under the Establishment Clause.
Equal Protection Clause: Constitutional guarantee that everyone be treated equally; 14th Amendment.
Establishment Clause: Part of the First Amendment stating that Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion.
Ex Post Facto Laws: A law that punishes people for a crime that was not a crime when it was committed; Congress cannot pass these laws.
Exclusionary Rule: Improperly gathered evidence may not be introduced in a criminal trial.
Free Exercise Clause: A First Amendment provision that prohibits government from interfering with the practice of religion.
Freedom of Expression: Right of people to speak, publish, and assemble.
Gideon v. Wainwright: 1963 Supreme Court case ruling states must provide attorneys to defendants who cannot afford one.
Grand Jury: A jury of 12 to 23 persons who, in private, hear evidence presented by the government to determine whether persons shall be required to stand trial; if the jury believes there is sufficient evidence that a crime was committed, it issues an indictment.
Griswold v. Connecticut: 1965 Supreme Court case establishing a constitutional right to privacy for married couples using contraception.
Incorporation Doctrine: The legal principle using the 14th Amendment to apply Bill of Rights protections to state governments.
Interest Group: An organization that seeks to influence public policy on behalf of a shared interest or cause.
Jim Crow Laws: State and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the South following Reconstruction.
Lemon Test: A three-part test from Lemon v. Kurtzman used to determine if a law violates the Establishment Clause.
Libel: Written defamation.
Literacy Test: A test used to disenfranchise minority voters; banned by the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
McDonald v. Chicago: 2010 Supreme Court case incorporating the Second Amendment right to bear arms against state governments.
Miranda Rights: A list of rights that police in the United States must read to suspects in custody before questioning them, pursuant to the Supreme Court decision in Miranda v. Arizona.
New York Times v. United States: 1971 Supreme Court case ruling against prior restraint of the Pentagon Papers, protecting press freedom.
Obscenity: Quality or state of a work that, taken as a whole, appeals to a prurient interest in sex by depicting sexual conduct in a patently offensive way and that lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value.
Plessy v. Ferguson: 1896 Supreme Court case upholding racial segregation under the separate but equal doctrine.
Poll Tax: A fee required to vote, banned by the 24th Amendment; used historically to disenfranchise Black voters.
Prior Restraint: Government censorship of information before it is published or broadcast.
Probable Cause: Reasonable cause for issuing a search warrant or making an arrest; more than mere suspicion.
Procedural Due Process: Constitutional requirement that governments proceed by proper methods; limits how government may exercise power.
Right to Privacy: An implied constitutional right, recognized in Griswold v. Connecticut, protecting personal decisions from government intrusion.
Roe v. Wade: 1973 Supreme Court case recognizing a constitutional right to privacy regarding abortion decisions.
Schenck v. United States: 1919 Supreme Court case establishing the clear and present danger test for limiting free speech.
Second Amendment: Protects the right of individuals to keep and bear arms.
Selective Incorporation: The process by which provisions of the Bill of Rights are brought within the scope of the Fourteenth Amendment and so applied to state and local governments.
Separate but Equal Doctrine: The doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) that African Americans could constitutionally be kept in separate but equal facilities.
Slander: Spoken defamation.
Substantive Due Process: The principle that laws must be fair and reasonable in content, not just in procedure.
Symbolic Speech: Nonverbal communication, such as burning a flag or wearing an armband; the Supreme Court has accorded some symbolic speech protection under the First Amendment.
Tinker v. Des Moines: 1969 Supreme Court case establishing that students do not shed constitutional rights at school; protected symbolic speech.
Title IX: A United States law enacted on June 23, 1972, stating that no person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.
Voting Rights Act of 1965: A law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African American suffrage.
Warrant: A legal paper, issued by a court, giving police permission to make an arrest, seizure, or search.
Wisconsin v. Yoder: 1972 Supreme Court case ruling Amish families could not be compelled to send children to school past 8th grade.
Writ of Habeas Corpus: A court order that requires police to bring a prisoner to court to explain why they are holding the person.

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